Source: http://www.thehollywoodgossip.com/2012/10/the-rumble-2012-who-won/
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Monday, October 8, 2012
How pulsars slow down with age
ScienceDaily (Oct. 8, 2012) ? Researchers at the University of Southampton have developed a model which explains how the spin of a pulsar slows down as the star gets older.
A pulsar is a highly magnetised rotating neutron star which was formed from the remains of a supernova -- an explosion which happens after a massive star runs out of nuclear fuel. A pulsar emits a rotating beam of electromagnetic radiation, rather like that of a lighthouse. This beam can be detected by powerful telescopes when it points towards and sweeps past Earth.
Pulsars rotate at very stable speeds, but slow down as they emit radiation and lose their energy. Professor Nils Andersson and Dr Wynn Ho, from the University of Southampton, have now found a way to predict how this 'slowing' process will develop in individual pulsars.1
Nils Andersson comments: "A pulsar's spin rate can be a very precise measurement of time which rivals the best atomic clocks, but in the end it will slow down. Until now, the nature of this slowing hasn't been well understood, despite 40 years of research. However, our model will open the door on this process -- extending our knowledge of how pulsars' operate and helping to predict how they will behave in the future."
As a hot pulsar cools, its interior increasingly begins to turn superfluid -- a state of matter which behaves like a fluid, but without a fluid's friction or 'viscosity'. It is this change of state which gradually affects the way that the star's rotation slows down.
"The effect on the star's rotation is like a figure skater extending their arms to slow their spin," says Wynn Ho. "Our model can explain the observed behaviour of young pulsars, such as the 958-year-old pulsar in the Crab nebula, which spins at 33 times a second."
The Southampton scientist's findings have important implications for the next generation of radio telescopes being developed by large international collaborations, like the Square Kilometre Array (SKA) and the Low Frequency Array (LOFAR), of which Southampton is a UK partner university. The discovery and monitoring of many more pulsars is one of the key scientific goals of these projects. Professor Andersson and Dr Ho's mathematical model can be used in conjunction with these observations to predict how a pulsar's rotation will change over time and enable scientists to peer inside these stars and explore their exotic composition.
"Our results provide a new method of linking the study of distant astronomical objects to laboratory work on Earth in both high-energy and low-temperature physics," says Professor Andersson. "It is an exciting example of interdisciplinary science."
1 Pulsars are rotating neutron stars that are seen to slow down, and the spin-down rate is thought to be due to magnetic dipole radiation. This leads to a prediction for the braking index n, which is a combination of the spin period and its first and second time derivatives. However, all observed values of n are below the predicted value of 3. We provide a simple model that can explain the rotational evolution of young pulsars, including the n=2.51 of the 958-year-old pulsar in the Crab nebula. The model is based on a decrease in the effective moment of inertia due to an increase in the fraction of the stellar core that becomes superfluid as the star cools through neutrino emission. The results suggest that future large radio monitoring campaigns of pulsars will yield measurements of the neutron star mass, nuclear equation of state, and superfluid properties.
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The above story is reprinted from materials provided by University of Southampton, via AlphaGalileo.
Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.
Journal Reference:
- Wynn C. G. Ho, Nils Andersson. Rotational evolution of young pulsars due to superfluid decoupling. Nature Physics, 2012; DOI: 10.1038/nphys2424
Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.
Disclaimer: Views expressed in this article do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.
Source: http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/~3/yJxrZ5QPB1A/121008091556.htm
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Saturday, October 6, 2012
3rd Annual Creativity Writers Conference |
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REGISTER ONLINE NOW: www.wppress.org/main/conference/>
Whispering Prairie Press
3RD Annual Creativity Writers Conference
Saturday, October 20, 2012
8:30 a.m. to 4:30 p.m.
?Creating a Travel Guidebook? ? Lisa Waterman Gray
Learn what it took to write An Explorer?s Guide: Kansas, from proposal to 400-page book, including working with tourism officials, trip planning, organization of notes and photographs, some of Lisa?s favorite destinations and more.
Lisa Waterman Gray has ridden a?Segway for Midwest Living and AAA?Southern Traveler?and attended an orchestrated prairie burn?for AAA Midwest?Traveler.?She has described?the morning meal at bed and breakfasts across the state, for KANSAS!, Durango brewing companies for abq Arts and Entertainment, and much more. An Explorer?s Guide: Kansas released nationwide last summer.
?Birthing a Book Together? ? Bernadette Stankard and Amy Viets
Writing in one voice when there are two of you is difficult.?This workshop presents strategies to make that one voice happen.? Helpful hints on how to navigate the highs and lows of working together and how to produce that seamless manuscript are addressed.??
Bernadette Stankard and Amy Viets?are the co-authors of books on coping with depression.? They have books written both alone and together and have found that working together is a rewarding experience.? They regularly speak on the topics of depression and creativity and are at present working together on yet another book on depression and the start of a mystery series.? ??
?What On Earth Is Going To Happen Next? Getting the Reader To Turn the Page?? Linda Rodriguez
Every story and novel needs suspense elements to keep the reader turning the page. At its simplest, suspense makes the reader want to know what happens next. At its best, suspense makes the reader worry that the protagonist will never reach his overpowering goal and what on earth is going to happen next! Learn 15 techniques to fill your writing with page-turning suspense.
Linda Rodriguez?s Every Last Secret (St. Martin?s Press/Minotaur Books) won the Malice Domestic Best First Traditional Mystery Novel Competition. Her second novel Every Broken Trust will be released in Spring 2013. She is a founding board member of Latino Writers Collective and The Writers Place and a member of Wordcraft Circle of Native American Writers and Storytellers, Kansas City Cherokee Community, International Thriller Writers, and Sisters in Crime.
?Image is?Everything?Almost? ? Olive Sullivan
Olive Sullivan talks about?process in this presentation on all things poetic. Hear how she approaches a poem, and expect to take?home a few?useful tips for your own writing practice.
Olive L. Sullivan is a poet who currently makes her living teaching journalism at Missouri Southern State University?where?she also advises the student group MOSO Poets. Her first published poems appeared in?The Little Balkans Review in 1982, and her most recent work will appear in Ad Astra?Per Astra, a renga?edited by Kansas?Poet Laureate Caryn Mirriam-Goldberg, to be released in November 2012. Sullivan has also published short fiction and?essays,and has won awards for scriptwriting.
?Self-Publishing in an Electronic World? ? Mike Lance
Mike Lance discusses changes to self-publishing enabled by technology, including a review some of the popular e-publishing tools available such as Print-On-Demand, Mobipocket, and Calibre.
Mike has been an Aerospace Engineer, Accountant, Product Manager, Operations Director, Sales Executive, and Writer in that approximate chronological order. His writing began while recovering from a broken hip sustained in a bicycling accident shortly after participating in a workforce downsizing. While completely lacking in training as a writer, he brought an understanding of technology to Write Brain Trust writers group and serves as one of their technical experts.
?Making the Leap: How to Jump Into Freelance Writing for Children? ? Suzanne Lieurance
If you?ve ever wanted to jump into freelance writing for children, then this workshop is for you! You?ll learn things you can do right now (this very minute) to start your own part-time or full-time career as a children?s writer.
Suzanne Lieurance is a full time freelance writer, children?s author and writing coach. She taught for the Institute of Children?s Literature for over 8 years and is the author of more than over two dozen published books (most of them for children). Lieurance has also written articles for Family-Fun, Kansas City Weddings, Instructor Magazine, New Moon for Girls, Children?s Writer, and many others. Find out more about her books and coaching services at www.suzannelieurance.com or www.workingwritersclub.com
Conference held at KU Edwards Campus
12600 Quivira Road
Overland Park, Kansas 66213
Fee: $75
Register online www.wppress.org/main/conference
Or mail a check to:
Whispering Prairie Press, PO Box 410661, Kansas City, MO 64141.
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